Carbon Dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object
containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
Uranium-lead dating
abbreviated U–Pb dating, is one of the oldest and most refined of the radiometric dating schemes. It can be used to date rocks that formed and crystallized from about 1 million years to over 4.5 billion years ago with routine precision in the 0.1–1 percent range.
Rubidium-strontium dating
The Rb-Sr dating method has been used extensively in dating terrestrial and lunar rocks, and meteorites. If the initial amount of Sr is known or can be extrapolated, the age can be determined by measurement of the Rb and Sr concentrations and the 87Sr / 86Sr ratio.
The dates indicate the true age of the minerals only if the rocks have not been subsequently altered.
Laser
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
The Romanian ‘Magurele Laser’ comes in at 10-Petawatts of power.
That’s pretty puny compared to the strongest Laser in the Universe. A Gamma-Ray Burst {GRB};
gamma-ray bursts produce as much energy as our little yellow dwarf sun will emit during its entire 10-billion-year existence.
Now that’s some Power!
Now a-days we’ve just seen them shooting at us from distant galaxies. But it is thought that a GRB had occurred in our Milky Way galaxy triggering an ice age that brought on the ‘Ordovician–Silurian extinction‘ — around 450 million years ago.
It was one of five big extinction events in our planet’s history. Yes, Earth got caught in the line of fire.
~ Werner Heisenberg
The laws of nature that we formulate mathematically in quantum theory deal no longer with the particles themselves but with our knowledge of the elementary particles. In other words: the mathematical laws of physics don’t govern reality, they’re not even direct models of reality. Rather, the laws of physics are models of our experience of reality.
Physics models our information about the world.
The Multiverse
Level One – Regions Beyond The Cosmic Horizon
Level One says that a parallel universe is a copy of our universe somewhere else. However, it is too far away for us to get to.
Our observable Universe is 46 billion light-years across, based on the distance the furthest light has traveled from has taken 13.8 billion years.
For example, a parallel universe would exist in the same universe but much further out, maybe 100 billion light-years away.
Level Two – The Bubble Universe
This theory has the universe living in a giant bubble with other universes living in other bubbles.
These bubbles can merge, split and grow, thus creating new universes. Each bubble is a separate universe.
Each universe is far beyond what we can see and know about. Given its distance from Earth, it can’t be seen.
Level Three – Many Worlds
Level Three is the one we are all more familiar with, where universes exist in the same time and space but in different dimensions. It is born from the fact that some particles can be in two places simultaneously. Some say that they pop into the other dimension and back again.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle [HUP] governs this area of physics. Whilst our knowledge finds it hard to believe that it can be in two places simultaneously, the HUP states it must be in two places simultaneously.
Level Four – Other Mathematical Structure
This is a catch-all for all other multiverses that could exist that don’t fall into the other types.
Level 4 – Holographic Multiverse: In a Holographic Multiverse, another universe would be a perfect mirrored image of our universe down to the smallest of items. Should there be a universe like that, there would be no point because you’d still not have won the lottery there. The identical universe could be time-lapsed, maybe a year or thousands of years behind. That’s my theory; someone else has probably thought it, too, but I have not looked.
Level 4 – Simulated Multiverse: This isn’t a real-world multiverse in the same way as the other multiverses. This Multiverse is created in a computer where the Multiverse is simulated. Our technology has not yet reached that level, but who knows, one day may.
Level 4 – Ultimate Multiverse: This Multiverse contains every possible universe based on different mathematical laws.
momentum
its units are [ kg * m /s ] or newton seconds, N s.
A vector quantity The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity.
. {equation} p = m * v
. p – momentum
. m – mass
. v – velocity
Inertia [Moment of Inertia]
its units are [ kg * m2 ]
A property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force.
. {equation} I = L/w
. I – inertia
. L – angular momentum
. w – angular velocity
Energy
Energy is not a substance, it is simply a number, a quantity. It’s not even fundamental. Energy is a mathematical relationship between the more fundamental quantities of Kinetic and Potential Energy.
Gravitational potential energy
PE = mgh <—> KE = 1/2mv2
Potential energy [ P.E. = mgh ]
Stored energy that depends upon the relative position of various parts of a system.
….. P.E – Potential energy
….. m – mass
….. g – acceleration due to gravity
….. h – height
Kinetic energy [ E = 1/2 * m * v2 ]
energy which a body possesses by virtue of being in motion.
….. E – energy (kinetic)
….. m – mass
….. v – velocity
Acceleration is ‘Absolute’
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Usually, acceleration means the speed is changing, {but not always}
When an object moves in a circular path at a constant speed, it is still accelerating,
because the direction of its velocity is changing.
A newton (N) is the international unit of measure for force. One newton is equal to 1 kilogram meter per second squared. In plain English, 1 newton of force is the force required to accelerate an object with a mass of 1 kilogram 1 meter per second per second.
